The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Free Essays

string(31) to go to military production. The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe| | The world’s most impressive Communist nation was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or also called the Soviet Union. It contained 15 republics that were constrained by a focal government. After some time, it formed into a huge modern force that directed all parts of the national economy. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now It set degrees of wages and costs, controlled the portion of assets, and chose what might be delivered and how and where merchandise would be dispersed. The Soviet Union was defiled after World War I. Monetary recuperation, for example, Russian mechanical creation had gotten passed prewar levels by 40%. New force plants, channels, and monster production lines were assembled. Testing of nuclear bombs in 1953 and Sputnik 1 out of 1957 improved the Soviet state’s notoriety as a force to be reckoned with abroad. Soviet individuals didn't have a lot, their apartment’s one room filled in as both a bed and family room. As the battle for power proceeded, Joseph Stalin, the general secretary of the Communist Party, turned into the ace of the Soviet Union and he had a low measure of regard for Communist Party pioneers. Stalin was a childish pioneer and didn't figure individuals from his circle could do anything without him. He put stock in a communist government. The government provided an announcement that all artistic and logical work must fit in with the political needs of the state itself. Therefore, there was expanded dread. Many accepted new cleanses were to come until Stalin kicked the bucket on March 5. After Stalin’s passing, a man named Nikita Khrushchev came in as the central Soviet strategy creator and improved his system. Khrushchev erased Stalin’s merciless arrangements which got known as De-Stalinization. He additionally extricated government control on Stalin’s scholarly works. Khrushchev attempted to make purchaser merchandise progressively well known. He likewise needed to increment horticultural yield by developing corn and developing terrains that were east of the Ural Mountains. His endeavor in expanding farming debilitated his notoriety inside the gathering. Because of his terrible notoriety and expanded military spending, the Soviet economy got demolished. He was out of nowhere removed in 1964. After Khrushchev tumbled from power, Leonid Brezhnev, who had been filling in as his agent in the gathering secretariat, turned out to be first secretary of the gathering. Under his standard the de-Stalinization battle was exceptionally loose. Past exploratory farming projects were relinquished and the economy started to prosper. Cold war pressures facilitated after the Cuban rocket emergency of 1962 and there was a constrained opening for social trades with the West. Rivalry moved to a space and weapons contest. In Yugoslavia, a man by the name of Tito, otherwise called Josip Broz, was the pioneer of the Communist opposition development. He needed a free Communist state in Yugoslavia. Tito wouldn't concur with Stalin’s requests of assuming control over Yugoslavia. By depicting the battle as one of Yugoslav national opportunity, Tito picked up his people’s support. Tito governed Yugoslavia up until his demise in 1980. Yugoslavia was a Communist government, yet not a Soviet satellite state. The Soviet Union didn't permit its Eastern Europe satellites to get free of Soviet control, particularly in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary. Fights occurred in Poland; the Polish Communist Party received a progression of changes in October 1956. They chose a first secretary named Wladyslaw Gomulka. He said that Poland reserved the option to follow its own communist way. Poland feared the Soviet equipped reaction to his comment so they promised to stay faithful to the Warsaw Pact. Distress in Hungary and monetary challenges prompted a revolt. What added to the rising insubordination was Imre Nagy, the Hungarian head, pronounced Hungary a free country on November 1, 1956. It likewise guaranteed free decisions. Three days after Nagy’s announcement, the Soviet Army assaulted Budapest. 23 After this, the Soviets restored authority over the nation. Nagy was then seized by the Soviet military and executed two years after the fact. 24 Alexander Dubcek was chosen first secretary of the Communist party. 25 He presented the right to speak freely of discourse and press of opportunity to travel abroad. He loosened up restriction, started to seek after a free international strategy, and guaranteed a continuous democratization of the Czechoslovakia political framework. 26 He needed to make â€Å"socialism with a human face. †27 All the satisfaction of the individuals was finished when the Soviet Army attacked Czechoslovakia in August 1968 28 and squashed the change development. Gustav Husak supplanted Dubcek, didn't follow his changes, and restored the old request. 28 In that equivalent year of 1968 a development for liberal changes increased broad help in Czechoslovakia. 29 When the Czech government appeared to be moving ceaselessly from the Soviet-style rule, the Soviet Union responded by sending troops into Czechoslovakia in August to guarantee the evacuation of Czech pioneers. 30 After this intrusion, the Soviets built up the â€Å"Brezhnev doctrine,†31 an arrangement that called for Soviet intercession to stop any improvements that may upset the Communist request in Eastern Europe. 32 Political and monetary examples stayed consistent and still into the 1980s. An attack of Afghanistan to help a manikin system separated into guerrilla fighting. 33 In many cases the Soviets were mindful global players evading any immediate military intercessions. Laborers and youth started to respond to their exacting control and absence of buyer merchandise. High liquor abuse expanded passing rates and brought down creation. A developing monetary emergency starting in the mid-1980s constrained major political change. 34 Efforts at change were coordinated by advancements in Eastern Europe that finished the Russian realm. The underlying reason was a crumbling economy hampered by the expenses of competition with the United States. By the 1980s the economy was coming to a standstill. Constrained industrialization had caused broad ecological debacle all through eastern Europe. Related infections weakened good faith and financial execution. Newborn child death rates expanded exceptionally. Mechanical creation eased back and monetary development halted, yet 33% of national pay kept on going to military creation. You read The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in classification Papers 35 Younger pioneers perceived that the framework might just fall. In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev presented changes. 6 He encouraged atomic decrease and haggled with the United States an impediment of medium-extend rockets in Europe. The war in Afghanistan was finished by Soviet withdrawal. Inside Gorbachev broadcasted the opportunity to remark and scrutinize. He recognized utilization of market motivators and less utilization of autho ritative controls. In any case, solid cutoff points on political opportunity remained and the concentrated arranging mechanical assembly opposed change. Gorbachev’s strategies halfway reflected indecision about the West as he diminished separation yet at the same time condemned Western qualities. He needed change, not relinquishment of fundamental socialist controls. The keynote to change was perestroika, or monetary rebuilding. 37 This implied progressively private possession and decentralized control of parts of the economy. Remote venture was empowered and military uses were decreased to free assets for customer merchandise. In 1988 another constitution gave significant capacity to a parliament and nullified the socialist restraining infrastructure of races. Gorbachev was chosen for another and incredible administration in 1990 as individuals contended possibly in support of change. 38 By the finish of 1991 the Soviet Union had been supplanted by a free association of republics. 9 Gorbachev was disappointed so he chose to leave and was supplanted by a chosen president, Boris Yeltsin. 40 The Communist party was broken down. Proceeding with vulnerability appeared in 1993 when Yeltsin conflicted with the parliament. 41 Yeltsin and the military triumphed and races followed to create another constitution. Amidst proceeding with political disarray t wo patterns prevailed: the economy was feeble and there was a breakdown of qualities and order. 42 Crime thrived and developing financial class divisions compromised dependability. The monetary and political conditions incited the conditions of Eastern Europe to exploit the new occasions to look for freedom and inside change. Soviet soldiers were pulled back. Bulgaria organized free races in 1989 43; Hungary and Poland in 1988 introduced noncommunist governments and advanced toward a free economy. 44 Czechoslovakia did likewise in 1989. 45 Without an uncertainty the Soviet Union started to crumple. Ethnic and national strains deteriorated significantly during 1989 to 1991. 46 There was overwhelming debate between Georgia, Azerbaijan, Moldavia, and Kirghizia. 7 The Soviet government reacted by sending troops to these areas to reestablish request. Each of the 15 of the republics declared that their laws were more prevalent than those of the focal government. During 1989 to 1990, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Armenia, Georgia, and Moldavia all affirmed that they were going to isolate from the USSR. 48 However the Soviet government didn't perceive any of these freedo m claims and in 1990 Soviet soldiers raged different interchanges offices in Lithuania and Latvia. 49 During 1988-89, Gorbachev actualized different legislative changes that fundamentally transformed he manner by which the Soviet Union was dominated. 49 He convinced the Communist party to surrender its imposing business model on political force and to perceive the authority of the new Supreme Soviet and the recently made Congress of People’s Deputies. 50 Also, the legislature made the workplace of president vested it with wide official forces. Gorbachev was chosen for that position in 1989. 51 The gover

The poem Ithaca Essay Example For Students

The sonnet Ithaca Essay There are more than 6 billion individuals in this world. They are for the most part unique and hence all decide to live their lives in various manners. There are a few people who consistently flourish to accomplish more. They generally need to accomplish more, hear more, see more, though a few people have a couple of specific objectives and once those are accomplished gotten impeccably content with their lives and where they are. There are numerous different ways individuals accept they should live their lives and that is the way they live them. The creator, Constantine Cavafy builds up a specific thought of how people should carry on with their life in the sonnet Ithaca. He accepts that people should plan to achieve the greatest measure of objectives in their lives with the goal that they won't have any second thoughts and can gain from the excursion they take to achieve these objectives, since that is the most significant part. They primary concerns from this is individuals ought to have numerous objectives for the duration of their lives, they ought to be resolved and not let things impede achieving their objectives and significantly more critically, that they ought to gain from the excursion. In the sonnet the creator builds up the possibility that Individuals ought to have numerous points for the duration of their lives and furthermore make the most of their lives. The artist expresses that as the voyager sets out on his excursion, he should trust that it is a long one, loaded with experience and disclosure. The goal of this excursion is Ithaca, a Greek island, which was the goal of a legendary warrior named Odysseus who was put on the map in Homers sonnets. Ithaca is a similitude to the goal of the excursion of life; along these lines the creator is expressing that an individual should trust their life is long and brimming with experience and disclosure. Thought people lives they should make the most of whatever number open doors as could be allowed to have the option to get a definitive encounter. At numerous a mid year first light to enter with what appreciation, what satisfaction - , communicates that an individual ought not be selfish for the blissful minutes throughout everyday life, regardless of whether the delight is only for a brief period or long. This concentrate alludes to the cheerful minutes: ports seen just because; to stop at Phoenician exchanging focuses, and to purchase great product, mother of pearl and coral, golden and coal black, and erotic aromas of each sort, sexy fragrances as extravagantly as possible;

How alumni helped the lion roar on campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

How alumni helped the lion roar on campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I’m not going to lie. I LOVE lions. They are fierce, they have some great looking manes, and the females bring home the delicious bacon (antelope?). So it is probably kismet when I got my master’s degree from Columbia University, and joined its ranks a couple years thereafter. Why? Well the Columbia lion is a prevalent symbol on campus. There are plush versions found in the campus bookstore, blue-on-blue symbols donned on sportswear, a handful of stone and bronze sculptures planted across the grounds, and even a fight song all about encouraging the lion to roar. If you are fond of these giant felines and are curious to learn more about how the lion became so prominent on campus, then this blog post is for you. Click on the link below to take a closer look at the different ways Columbia University has honored our mascot and king of the jungle, and helped him become the symbol we all know and love today. Columbias King of the Jungle and the Columbia Alumni Who Crowned Him h/t Lin Lan, Columbia Alumni Association

Steve Jobs At The United States - 877 Words

Steve jobs born February 24th 1955 in San Francisco, soon adopted by Paul and carol jobs. Steve was never interested in school till the 5th grade, where he started taking electronics class, his electronics teacher said he was â€Å"something of a loner† and â€Å"he always had a different way at looking at things† After school Jobs attended class at Hewlett Packard electronics firm, now called HP in Palo Alto, where he was a summer intern. Another intern at HP was Steven Wozniak aka â€Å"Woz†. Woz was a recent dropout at Berkley. After school Jobs and Woz worked on a project called the â€Å"blue box† a device that would let them make free long distance calls from pay phones. In 1972 Jobs went Reed College in Portland Oregon, a successful calligraphy school. After one semester Jobs dropped out, but still hung around campus dropping in on philosophy classes and immersing himself in the counter culture. Reed college is where he met Julie his future wife. In 1974 Jobs went to work for a video game programming company called Atari. Jobs was well respected at Atari except for his stern, controlling attitude, He expected a lot out of his group of co-workers. Jobs would stay late at night after everyone left working on his own personal project. After a few months Jobs saved up enough money to travel to india to study budhism. He was was a hippy after he traveled to india, he didn’t wear shoes, smoked weed everyday, and prayed to the budhist gods. After 2 years in india Jobs moved back to hisShow MoreRelatedSteve Jobs : The United States1349 Words   |  6 Pagesregards to those men in history who began the flawed yet irreplaceable nation we know today as the United States. In broader means, the term loosely refers to he innumerable men and women who created something out of nothing. They were and are the forerunners in any particular genre of business, technology, and all the other overlooked aspects that make up everyday life. In modern times of technology, Steve Jobs may not be perceived often for any particular significance as his lineage may now be ignoredRead MoreEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in1200 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen told by many people, numerous times. The first iPhone that was shown off by Steve Jobs back in 2007 during the annual Macworld convention was a barely working prototype (Sorensen). In reality, this device was so buggy and glitch-prone that Apple’s engineers did not believe Steve could make it through his onstage demonstration without suffering an embarrassing crash (Sorensen). The demonstration iPhone that Steve carried in his pocket was almost incapable of holding a wireless signal to the extentRead MoreSteve Wozniak : The Best Computer Brains From All Over The Country847 Words   |  4 Pagesof the product or service they are seeking to exploit, but they recognize it’s potential. In the case of Apple, Steve Wozniak was the creator of the products, but Steve Jobs was the entrepreneur who saw its potential. In 1976, Stanford University, Palo Alto’s internationally renowned education and research center, was the meeting place of group of called the Computer Homebrew Club. Steve Wozniak was a leading member of this club. Not far away, there was something potentially even more: the Xerox PaloRead MoreSteve Jobs, An American Engineer And Entrepreneur853 Words   |  4 PagesSteve Jobs Steve Jobs, an American engineer and entrepreneur, co-founder and executive director of Apple Company, was born on February 24, 1955 in the town of Mountain View, California. He spent his childhood and youth in the family of the adoptive parents Paul and Clara Jobs. His biological parents – a Syrian immigrant Abdulfattah Jandali and an American student Joanne Carole Schieble – let to adopt the newborn baby. The main condition for adoption was the promise of the adoptive parents to provideRead MoreSteve Jobs And The World1518 Words   |  7 PagesSteve Jobs Steve Jobs does that ring a bell well it should, as he is the reason for most of the gadgets in your pocket and hands. Steve Jobs is the founder and was the CEO of Apple. With out him most of you would have no iPads,iPhones,iPods and iOS or you could be a Samsung person.Steve has revolutionized technology and Communion throughout the world. His importance To me is that with out him I would not be typing and my normal days would be extremely different. Those are the reasons why heRead MoreSteve Wozniak : The Founder Of Apple1223 Words   |  5 Pages Steve Wozniak is know in the business world, for having one of the best creation, successful technology based companies. He is the co-founder of Apple computers joined with his best friend Steve Jobs. Steve Wozniak developed the hardware design and operating system for the very first Apple computer available for commercial sale. His wonderful engineering and business features resulted in the very well known worldwide computer phe nomenon Apple. Yet fellow consumers knew much about WozniakRead MoreSteve Wozniak was the Brains Behind Apple Essay524 Words   |  3 PagesSteve Wozniak was the main designer on the Apple I and Apple II computers and worked together with his best friend Steve Jobs and incorporated others into the group development as well. Wozniak was known as the brains where Jobs was known as the business factor. When Stephen Gary Wozniak was born on August 11, 1950 in San Jose, California, the world had begun to technologically change. Wozniak tended to be a very curious child and his father always managed to inspire his curiosity for learning byRead MorePromise of Money Essay740 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States economy is rapidly growing since 2010. According to Bloomberg Business News, employments’ rate has risen recently. However, well-paid jobs require some minimum college degree as a credential. As a result, many students continue to pursue higher education. Going to colleges become a popular trend in a modern world. Although many people go to college for various purposes; but in my view, their purposes of going to college are a way to get out of the poverty line and to gain advantagesRead MoreBarack Obama s Impact On The United States1484 Words   |  6 Pagesreaffirm that fundamental truth, that out of many, we are one ; that while we breath, we hope†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ~ Barack Obama (Barack Obama Working to Make a DIfference) The United States of America not only had to seek out the criminals and then rebuild its security on the homefront from the terrorists attack on September 11, 2001, but the United States embraced equality by making Barack Obama President in 2008.. Along with the troubles America faced in the 2000 s, there were also occasions of excitement as AppleRead MoreFrederick Douglass Essay766 Words   |  4 Pagesaction of reforming is not easy to do for yourself, let alone for a whole nation of people. While many revolutions have tried, onl y a few have successfully reformed the people around them. Such innovators include Frederick Douglas, Charles Darwin and Steve Jobs. Frederick Douglass was one of the revolutionists that reformed the world while also going through hardships. In 1818, Frederick Douglass was born a slave in Maryland. Douglass learned how to read and write, which at the time was extremely uncommon

Human Incarceration Of African Americans Essay - 2327 Words

As one can see, mass incarceration of African Americans is clearly an injustice that needs to be acknowledged and resolved. In my Social and Economic Justice course, several theorists were discussed about what they considered justice and their methods to reach it. In the following paragraphs, I examine Rawls’, Nozick’s, and Mill’s theories in context with the mass incarceration of African American and explain why their proposed solutions would not be applicable to this injustice. Rawls’ theory consists of imagining oneself in what he calls the Original Position, in which we are all self-interested rational people that stand behind the â€Å"Veil of Ignorance. By this, it means that people are motivated to select, in an informed and enlightened way whatever seems most beneficial for themselves. However, due to the Veil of Ignorance we do not know certain things such as our race, age, sex, social class, or physical/mental disabilities; we just are aware of the different scenarios that humans could possible face and the facts of humanity. Rawls believes that by having self-interested rational individuals, masked by the Veil of Ignorance, it would create a fair procedure in which fair principles would be chosen in order to govern the world. With this in mind, Rawls argues that these individuals would choose two principles, Principle of Equal Liberty and Difference Principle, to structure society in the real world. The Principle of Equal Liberty states that each person has an equalShow MoreRelatedSocial Issues In Criminal Justice1361 Words   |  6 Pagesrepeating crimes. The issue with this law was the abuse of power that rode on its coattails. The criminal justice system was handing down harsh sentences to non-violent, non-serious offenders, marking them with their second and third strikes. African Americans that are punished under the three strikes law, account for 13 times more than white offenders for similar crimes (Three St rikes Law Disproportionately Affects Blacks, 2004). When examining the implications of our laws and policies, startingRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Civil Rights Movement1239 Words   |  5 PagesMattered? – Racial profiling in the justice system, increased incarceration of African Americans and the idea of â€Å"White Privilege† persists in the United States. 1. Introduction Even though America is the world dominating superpower and is known to intervene on behalf of the violation of human rights internationally, it fails to acknowledge and correct the flaws its legal and justice system present against its own citizens. African Americans have long been targeted by the police force and have beenRead MoreEssay On Superstitions In Huckleberry Finn1084 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidering Jim, a slave, as a human being rather than property. Thus, showing how historically White American’s within southern culture and society have never viewed people of color, specifically African Americans, as human beings but as objects of oppression. Huck’s inner turmoil causes him to completely challenge the traditional white southern society by not wanting to be â€Å"sivilized† (Twain, 3), and coming to terms with the fact that Jim although a slave is a human being and not property. HuckRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 PagesCrow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civil rights movementRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 PagesCrow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civil rights movementRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Alexander’s book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, examines mass incarceration in the United States, why the criminal justice system works the way it does towards minorities, the detriments associated with mass incarceration as it relates to offenders, and much more. In the introduction of her book, Alexander immediately paints the harsh reality of mass i ncarceration with the story of Jarvious Cotton who is denied the right to vote among other rights becauseRead MoreMass Incarceration : The Color Of Justice Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesMass Incarceration: The Color of Justice (DRAFT) Racial discrimination in the United States has been a radical issue plaguing African Americans from as early as slavery to the more liberal society we see today. Slavery is one of the oldest forms of oppression against African Americans. Slaves were brought in from Africa at increasingly high numbers to do the so-called dirty work or manual labor of their white owners. Many years later, after the abolishment of slavery came the Jim Crow era. In theRead MoreQuavyon Green . Professor Irwin . English 1113 . 2/19/2017 .987 Words   |  4 Pagesby  Michelle Alexander is about a shocking statistic. That more African American men  are in  correctional facilities  or on probation than were enslaved in the mid 1800s  before the Civil war started. She offers her perspective on the mass incarceration of African American men  in the US. Taking shots  at all she holds responsible for the  issues.  She explores the social and systematic influence of racial stereotypes and  pol icies that support  incarceration of minorities. She  explains that minorities  are  discriminatedRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1667 Words   |  7 PagesMain Thesis Americans think they live in a colorblind society and do not discriminate based on race. The fact is Americans have Barack Obama as their president. Some might argue as long as there are exceptional blacks there are no excuses for all blacks to succeed. Although, Michelle Alexander’s book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color Blindness, challenges American’s colorblindness by bringing to light the mass incarceration of African Americans. Jim Crow laws are no longerRead MoreRacism And Incarceration Rates Among African Americans And Hispanics Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagesmajority of Americans preaches that the days of racism are far behind, it is clear that institutional racism still exists in this country. One way to look at this institutional racism is to examine at the United States prison system and the gap of incarceration rates among African Americans, Hispanics, and White males. According to a research by Prison Policy Initiative both Afri can Americans and Hispanics are imprisoned at 5.1 times and 1.8 times higher than the rate of White Americans for every 100

World Terrorism Free Essays

Terrorism. It is a word that strikes fear into many. Terrorism has been around since the beginning of time, and has caused empires to rise, fall, and allowed people to gain power. We will write a custom essay sample on World Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terrorism is a growing problem in this unstable world. A simple act of terrorism can cause tensions to break between two countries, as seen with Israel and Palestineaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conflicts due to religious beliefs and territory disputes. Among the various potential threats are wars with neighboring countries, missile attacks on cites, biological and chemical terrorism, suicide bombings, and hostage taking. In an April 1999 survey the most feared terrorism was bombings on US soil. (Cole, 1) There are many ways to combat terrorism. First, would be an international team that is always on call to respond to terrorist threats, and retrieve hostages with minimal loss of life. The second is gun control, which would limit the weapons accessed by potential terrorists. The last thing is to recognize terrorist organizations before they have a chance to attack. Terrorism has been around since the days of ancient Egypt. People have been killing leaders of countries to try and overthrow the government, and for the past one hundred and twenty years terrorists have had ne Terrorism, which has been around for as long as people can remember, has been on the rise for the past ten years. Terrorists use murder, kidnapping, hijacking, and bombings to almost always achieve a political purpose. These radicals are not just subject to the United States, terrorism is all over the world, in every way, shape and form. There are many different types of terrorism, for many different purposes. The primary reason for terrorist acts are to force a change in their nation’s government. If terrorists are not satisfied with there government’s political positions, they may end up taking the matters into there own hands. Another reason for terrorist acts are because of hate towards a race, nationality, or religion. For example, in 1972 the Palestine Liberation Organization invaded Israeli dorms in the Munich Olympics, and held the Israeli athletes hostage until Israel would agree to release Palestinian terrorists that were captured in Israel. When Israel refused to comply with the terrorists demands, they blew up two helicopters which held the Israeli athletes, killing the whole team. This was one of the many cruel types of terrorism. In recent years, terrorism seems to be at a new high and attacks are more violent than in the past. With terrorism being so secretive and having no forewarning, it has been a real problem to deal with. The governments of many countries have tried to stop these cowardly acts, but they just seem to be on the rise. I have a few ideas that might work Solution: Since there are no fool-proof ways to predict when a terrorist will strike next, there can really be no complete answer to this problem. Even though there is no way to totally eliminate terrorism, my solutions may still prove valid. With the bombing of the World Trade Center, and the federal building in Oklahoma, rental moving trucks have been used to hold the bomb. An idea I have for this type of attack. How to cite World Terrorism, Papers

Architecture and Commerce-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Carson Pirie Scott Department Store, Louis Sullivan 1904. Answer: Introduction Carson Pirie Scott Department Store was the first building in the nineteenth century that incorporated the word skyscrapers in the city of Chicago1. The fruits of a new prosperity are enjoyed when the dawns of enlightened views break through the dark problems that surround us thereby creating a new freedom for the human kind Carson Pirie Scott Department Store breaks the monotony of crowds of the tall building along State and Madison Streets of Chicago. The structure is constructed of bronze on the ground floor with the facades finished on broad white. Carson Pirie Scott Department Store The building serves to illustrate the relationship between architecture and commerce. Being an architect of the neoclassical times, Sullivan maintained his phrase of form follows function in his design work. He thus resorted to coming up with a building that reflects the social functions that are to be served by the space2. This was after he analyzed the challenges of high-rise commercial architecture. He illustrates his philosophy through describing an ideal tripartite skyscraper in which the first level which is the base level is the ground floor that houses business activities. The ease of public access, open space and light dominate. The second level is accessed by the public through the3 staircase. The next level encompasses offices which have the same design because they serve the same function. As was argued by some of the modernist architects of the time, Sullivan based his design achieving more of functionality than beauty. It is possible to build a beautiful structure but at that time Sullivan went for a structure that is ugly but functional as opposed to just erecting just faade architecture. Sullivan illustrates his philosophy in the design of Carson Pirie Scott Department Store in which he gives emphasis to the lower street level and entrance that attract shoppers into the store. He achieves that by using very large windows on the ground floor used in displaying products, placing the three doors that serve as the entrance within a rounded bay at a corner of the site4. The placement of the doors makes them visible from any direction when one is approaching the building. References Giedion, Sigfried. Space, Time and Architecture: The Growth of a New Tradition. New York: Harvard University Press, 2013. Siry, Joseph. Carson Pirie Scott: Louis Sullivan and the Chicago Department Store. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.

Jp Hayes Essays (332 words) - Confucianism, East Asian Culture

Jp Hayes Ms. Bingham World Religions and Film 11 November 2017 Confucianism In the modern world for China it is a completely different place then it use to be back when religions and practices were being created. As in the old days people may have cared most about family and relationships when now it is all about money. Money is what runs this world and without it one cannot survive or live well at all. The Confucians believe a lot in social order, family relations, and doing your duty. In the movie the parents duty is to take care of their kids and to do this they have to leave home to make money. They thought they were doing the right thing for their kids and they were not wrong but they couldn't be at home to actual raise them. Confucians really practice caring for their families and in the movies the parents were caring for them by moving just to make enough money for them but at the same time it seems to the kids that the parents aren't there for them. It doesn't matter how much or how little money the parents make the kids aren't going to understand wh y they are in another city and not at home. As a child I didn't know anything about my parents money I just knew they were physically there for me and kept a roof over my head. As China's ways of life are changing it is affecting how people can stay true to their religion. Really the parents in the film full filled their duty of supporting their kids but that physical connection wasn't clear. So the kids believe the parents don't care about them even though they do and so this causes the kids to not want and support their parents as they get older. It might not be happening to everyone yet but the new world we live in is defiantly affecting old religions and how they are practiced.

Essay on Egyptian Geography

Essay on Egyptian Geography Free Online Research Papers Egypt was kept from outside influence because of its natural boundaries and the Nile. Therefore, this had positive effects on Egypt’s agriculture and development. The natural boundaries included the Mediterranean Sea, deserts and the six cataracts of the Nile. Since there were no outside influences there were no pressures and so this ancient river valley civilization could develop. The Nile did not only protect them but it also benefited them a lot. The annual flood of the Nile gave them good soil to grow and the prevailing winds of the Nile made it easier to travel up and down the Nile. The annual flood also allowed them to develop a calendar. Also the Nile valley gave them a lot of good building materials and other natural resources for tools and jewelry. The Egyptians lived this uninfluenced lifestyle until around 3,000 B.C. Ancient Egypt’s natural boundaries offered it lots of protection which caused it to be so uninfluenced until 3,000 B.C. These natural barriers did not give them full protection and were still vulnerable. The first natural barrier was the Mediterranean above the delta. Before 1500 B.C. not many people traveled by ship and so the Mediterranean offered great protection. The next natural boundaries were the Western Desert and the Lower Desert. A desert is a region that receives less than ten inches of precipitation every year. It was hard to move an army through a desert and also the provisions needed to make the tour. The last natural barrier that gave the Ancient Egyptians protection from outside influences was the six cataracts along the Nile. A cataract is a waterfall or a violent rush of water. These cataracts didn’t let any foreigners or enemies travel in the Nile and therefore kept them out too. Although the Nile river valley was very protected there was one vulnerab le place from which they could be attacked. This vulnerable stop is known as the Suez Canal. This was the only way to get into Ancient Egypt. Also known as the Isthmus of Suez which was the land bridge between Asia and Africa. Today the Suez Canal is used for transporting goods. Because of the Ancient Egypt’s natural boundaries it was able to keep out enemies and so could easily develop. Like the Greek historian Herodotus once said, â€Å"Egypt is the gift of the Nile.† Herodotus’ quote about Ancient Egypt was right. Indeed Ancient Egypt is the gift of the Nile because without it there would be no Egypt. The yearly flood was one of the reasons why Egypt developed so well agriculturally. Every year June and October the summer rains in the Ethiopian highlands and the melted snow from the mountains came down to the Nile and caused its banks to over flow. This gave fertility to the land and created silt. The flood was very important and life supporting. If there was no flood then the land wouldn’t be good for planting and therefore nothing could be grown. That is why agriculturally Egypt developed so well because of the annual flood. The Ancient Egyptians therefore developed a machine which was used to irrigate the crops. It was called a shadoof and consisted of a balanced beam which on one side had a bucket that took the water from the Nile and then brought it to the canals. By using this technique the Egyptians were able to not only grow one crop per year but up to three crops which gave them a bigger surplus of food. Since the flood was annual and came every year around the same time the Ancient Egyptians developed a calendar around the flood. In order to develop a calendar you need a predictable event such as the rise and fall of the Nile. Therefore, Egyptian priests studied the night skies for stars to mark the beginning of the Nile flood. They did find a star that marks the beginning of the Nile flood called sepdet. Around this a 5,000 year old calendar was formed. Because of the prevailing winds that swept over the Nile transport was very easy and important. You could either go up stream with the current or against the current with the prevailing winds. This was important because it was easier to travel along the Nile and allowed them to trade and transport goods along the Nile. Because the Nile was so protected from out side influences they developed their own system of irrigation and a system of calendar based on the flood. This also clearly shows that the Nile gave the people a lot and was therefore the key to survival in Ancient Egypt. In addition the Nile Valley and the desert provided a lot of good resources for the Ancient Egyptians. One of the main resources of the Nile was the papyrus plant which grew along the Nile in abundance. Papyrus was used to make paper by cutting of the stem of the plant and using the pith of the plant which was then compressed and that made the paper. But papyrus could also be used to make rope by twisting it. The ability to make paper gave them the ability to write and therefore this was a very important achievement in Ancient Egypt. This was also very beneficial because through this they could write down their ideas on paper and keep records. Copper and turquoise were found in the Sinai Peninsula. Turquoise was used to carve scarabs and was used in jewelry. Copper was used to make tools for building or other utensils of some sort. Gold was found in the desert Thebes and was mainly used for jewelry. Clay however, could be found almost anywhere in Egypt and when mixed with water and s traw you could make bricks for building. There was limestone available for building. Granite was quarried near the first cataract which was also a very good source for building. Once the Egyptians were able to successfully quarry stone and transport they could build different houses or buildings out of stone. Because the Nile valley was so rich in natural resources there were a lot of things that could be made to their benefit. The granite, limestone and clay bricks were good ways for building. Therefore, we can see that the Nile valley was very important to the Egyptians. The reason why the Egyptians developed so well and stayed a civilization for so long was because of the optimal geographical location they were in. Because they had natural boundaries which protected them they didn’t have to fear attack and could develop. The natural boundaries kept enemies out. The Nile was the main reason though that there was Egypt. It was the source for their agricultural development and it gave them a lot of resources that were important for their development. Basically the Egyptians developed a civilization around the Nile. Without of the Nile this area would have never been populated. Because of the annual flood the Egyptians developed one of the earliest calendars known to us. Although different cultures have shown that isolation and natural â€Å"protection† has only stopped their process of development it was exactly the opposite for the Ancient Egyptians. Research Papers on Essay on Egyptian GeographyCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnGenetic EngineeringWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaDefinition of Export QuotasEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Organizational change Part II & III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organizational change Part II & III - Essay Example (Program Description, 2008) As drug abuse continues to affect individuals, families, and communities, the need for treatment will remain urgent. At the same time, current federal and state financial trends portend continued and perhaps even increasingly scarce resources. Because of the promise of interorganizational cooperation for improving access, quality, and cost-effectiveness of care (Shortell 2002), understanding what factors lead to such relationships within the drug abuse treatment sector may thus have vital implications for policy makers and managers. Getting lost in the shuffel here is that the ultimate goal of drug addiction treatment is to enable an individual to achieve lasting abstinence, but the immediate goals are to reduce drug abuse, improve the patient's ability to function, and minimize the medical and social complications of drug abuse and addiction. Like people with diabetes or heart disease, people in treatment for drug addiction will need to change behavior to adopt a more healthful lifestyle. Untreated substance abuse and addiction add significant costs to families and communities, including those related to violence and property crimes, prison expenses, court and criminal costs, emergency room visits, healthcare utilization, child abuse and neglect, lost child support, foster care and welfare costs, reduced productivity, and unemployment. (National Sruvey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 200

Occupy Wall Street Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Occupy Wall Street Movement - Research Paper Example The movement is stimulated by the recent successful uprisings in Egypt, Tunisia and Syria. Their goal is to confront the status quo in the government and the wealthy people who control most of the world’s resources. Their dominance creates an iniquitous global economy that disfavors the majority who are unable to compete effectively within the capitalist system. They aim at confronting greed, corruption and dominance by the business elites and politicians and creating accommodative redress to all persons (Vag, 2011). â€Å"Moral and economic implications involved in the movement† The OWS believe that a minority 1% of the world’s population controls the majority of meaningful resources. Their slogan, â€Å"we are the 99%† is based on socio-economic statistics for the year 2011. They argue that the 99% in the society is left to survive on very little that compromises their sustainable living. This movement shuns such dominance. They assert that it is instiga ted by insatiability, egotism and corruption. They petition authorities and decision makers to review their policies and redress these economic disparities between the 99% and the 1% (Vag, 2011). The OWS movement is fundamentally an awakening caveat to the people that concentrate the world’s wealth, power and control in their hands at the loss of the society. The movement appeals to the moral reasoning behind utilitarianism. Majority of the world lives in unemployment, poverty and homelessness while another group enjoys luxury, space, wealth and power (Vag, 2011). Therefore, a majority group has a bleak future with an diminishing ability to determine their destiny. The historical and economic implications to these inequalities have resulted to perceived economic injustices. The OWS aims at prompting the decision makers to review these principals consciously and address livelihood variability’s among populations. â€Å"The implications identified against the utilitaria n, Kantian and virtue ethics to apply which theory best applies to the movement position†. The OWS aimed at confronting the corporate dominance in democracy and lack of legal actions to the perpetrators of the global economic crises. The utilitarian principle asserts that the ultimate socio-political and socio-economic achieves collective economic success. This system is not informed by moral merit and virtue. Nonetheless, it is expected to achieve the expected consequences of addressing socio-economic inequalities (White, 2006). The OWS bargains against these grounds to identify a cohesive ground for addressing social inequalities. The Kantian theory emphasizes on equality among all persons. It is perceived as a viable option to utilitarianism (White, 2006). Utilitarian theory overlooks the moral significance of moral virtues that inform minority issues and human rights. The utilitarian principles do not accord intrinsic values to human beings. The goal is to capitalize on in dividual rather than society benefits. The Kant theory concentrates on the most applicable channel to address issues. The theory that best compliments the OWS is the Kantian movement (Vag, 2011). The OWS is specifically is specifically interested in collective benefits and embodies a distinct shift in ethical dimensions. â€Å"Who is responsible for income inequality and wealth distribution in the US, Explain Rationale?†

Natural Law Essay

Natural Law Essay The theory of Natural Law was put forward by Aristotle but championed by Aquinas (1225-74).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   It is a deductive theory it starts with basic principles, and from these the right course of action in a particular situation can be deduced.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   It is deontological, looking at the intent behind an action and the nature of the act itself, not its outcomes. Traditional natural law is based on value judgements, which emanate from some absolute source e.g. Gods revealed word. However the term natural law lacks a precise definition, and there is very little agreement, even among experts or proponents of natural law theory about its application to specific, complex, moral, or legal issues.  [1]   The unwritten body of universal moral principles that underlie the ethical and legal norms by which human conduct is sometimes evaluated and governed. Natural law is often contrasted with positive law, which consists of the written rules and regulations enacted by government. The term natural law is derived from the Roman term jus naturale. Adherents to natural law philosophy are known as naturalists. The major opponent to legal positivism as a conception of the nature of law goes by the label natural law theory. Natural law theory is probably not the best name for this view its a bit of a historical accident that this view in the philosophy of law came to have this name but it is the traditional label.  [2]  And I will not try to displace it here. Aquinas says that the principles of practical rationality-that is, those principles that tell us how to act reasonably-both are Gods law for our conduct and are knowledgeable by nature, even apart from special divine revelation. So the principles of practical rationality are both law and natural, and hence are natural law. Because Aquinas says that human law must be in accordance with reason and he sometimes says that human law must be in accordance with reason and he sometimes says that human law must be in accordance with natural law. The label is unfortunate because there are some writers who believe that the principles of rati onality or morality place a constraint on legality, but who do not believe that these principles of law rationality or morality are God-given law. These writers are called natural law theorists even though they do not, strictly speaking, believe in natural law. There are important objections to be made to Aquinass theory of natural law. O Connor rightly identifies the main one: Aquinas fails to explain just how the specific moral rules which we need to guide out conduct can be shown to be connected with allegedly self-evident principles.  [3]  But the objection that Aquinass account of natural law purposes an illicit inference from is to ought is quite unjustified. What are the principles of natural law? There is a  set of basic practical principles which indicate the basic forms of human flourishing as goods to be pursued and realized, and which are in one way or another used by everyone who considers what to do, however unsound his conclusions; and a  set of basic methodological requirements of practical reasonableness (itself one of the basic forms of human flourishing) which distinguish sound from unsound practical thinking and which, when all brought to bear, provide the criteria for distinguishing between acts that (always or in particular circumstances) are reasonable-all-things-considered (and not merely relative-to-a-particular purpose) and acts that a reasonable-all-things-considered, i.e. between ways of acting that are morally right or morally wrong-thus enabling one to formulate a  set of general moral standards.  [4]   Naturalists believe that natural law principles are an inherent part of nature and exist regardless of whether government recognizes or enforces them. Naturalists further believe that governments must incorporate natural law principles into their legal systems before justice can be achieved. There are three schools of natural law theory: divine natural law, secular natural law, and historical natural law. Divine natural law represents the system of principles believed to have been revealed or inspired by God or some other supreme and supernatural being. These divine principles are typically reflected by authoritative religious writings such as Scripture. Secular natural law represents the system of principles derived from the physical, biological, and behavioural laws of nature as perceived by the human intellect and elaborated through reason. Historical natural law represents the system of principles that has evolved over time through the slow accretion of custom, tradition, and experience. Each school of natural law influenced the Founding Fathers during the nascent years of U.S. law in the eighteenth century and continue to influence the decision-making process of state and federal courts today. Religious studies are flourishing again. Most scholars were convinced that religion definitely belonged to the past and were of interest only to a tiny group of specialists. Today religious studies are pursued by a host of people in a range of departments. Because of the relevance of cultural issues to the contemporary world, religions have moved from the periphery to the very centre of public and academic concern. Their startling resurgence has given rise to the growing number of studies that explore this phenomenon in fresh, new ways.  [5]  Among the many publications that have appeared recently, I would like to draw attention to a volume edited by Mark C. Taylor, which appeared in 1998. Entitled Critical Terms for Religious Studies.  [6]  It describes the field in terms of 22 notions some of them old acquaintances, others new comers from belief to writing. Each article analyses the theoretical value of one of these notions, examining it in a particular religious tradition s.  [7]  Another volume that appeared recently Guide to the study of Religion  [8]  likewise explores such notions as classifications, comparison, and gender 31 notions in all. Examining the concepts in the two volumes. I was struck by the absence of both history and tradition from each; ironically, only modernity has survived. As it happens, though, the essay on modernity by Gustavo Benavides in Critical Terms is not a bad substitute for the two missing.  [9]   In Ireland at present there is certain unease in an increasingly secular culture in relation to its linkages with religion and the law of god. Quinn has also stated that as natural law drew the judiciary into novel fields, and as secularisation broke down the old conventions revealing deep divisions over first principles, it became harder to credibly assert that there was one right way and that the courts were uniquely positioned to identify it  [10]   Despite the problems associated with a disenchanted secular society, there is also the added problem of ascertaining what natural law actually means. It is submitted that, a feature of most of the judicial references to natural law or natural rights under the Constitution is that they assume that there is a general consensus about the identity of the natural law. However, the concept of natural rights has a variety of meanings  [11]   The use of natural law is problematic because in fact there is no general consensus about the identity of the political, moral, judicial and theological theory being named, and there is no guarantee either that the constitution will in some sense benefit by  relying on such a theory. Hogan and Kelly have also stated that, Judicial invocation of such an un-distilled concept of natural law in the context of review presents the obvious danger that invalidation of legislation passed by the Oireachtas might not always be seen to be based on objective, ascertainable criteria  [12]   The difficulty of interpreting the natural law One of the issues often highlighted by opponents of the use of natural law is that it is ambiguous and consequently very difficult to interpret. Von Prondzynski notes, There is a general aversion among lawyers at having to deal with something they cannot immediately define.  [13]  The difficulties with the use of natural law cannot be denied. It has been argued, there are two entirely different kinds of natural law theories  [14]  , one secular and one based on religion. Murphy also noted that, while the state may be Christian, this does little to help define natural law as Christian groupings fundamentally disagree as to what the divine law actually is.  [15]   However, this difficulty is not insuperable and should not be treated as so. It is clear from the constitution and from judicial decisions such as that of Justice Kenny in the Ryan case, that a Christian type of natural law is advocated rather than a secular natural law theory. The issue of what exactly this means and how it can be applied to complex cases is more difficult to resolve. Von Prondzynski believes that natural law in its legal sense, as seen by the Constitution has nothing whatever to do with the imposition on us all of a concise set of religious rules as propounded by the Churches.  [16]   The difficulties of natural law interpretation could be considerably reduced by the construction of some form of guidelines for the judiciary to use. These would help the judiciary to define the natural law and to interpret it accordingly. It is submitted that the use of natural law by the judiciary in the 1950s and 1960s was less contentious owing to the nature of society that existed at the time. Ireland during this period in history was relatively homogeneous in terms of its core values, and as such doing the right thing was not necessarily perceived as being undemocratic when everyone knew what the right thing was. In Ireland at present there is certain unease in an increasingly secular culture in relation to its linkages with religion and the law of god. Quinn has also stated that as natural law drew the judiciary into novel fields, and as secularisation broke down the old conventions revealing deep divisions over first principles, it became harder to credibly assert that there was one right way and that the courts were uniquely positioned to identify it.  [17]   Despite the problems associated with a disenchanted secular society, there is also the added problem of ascertaining what natural law actually means. It is submitted that, a feature of most of the judicial references to natural law or natural rights under the Constitution is that they assume that there is a general consensus about the identity of the natural law. However, the concept of natural rights has a variety of meanings.  [18]   The use of natural law is problematic because in fact there is no general consensus about the identity of the political, moral, judicial and theological theory being named, and there is no guarantee either that the constitution will in some sense benefit by  relying on such a theory. Hogan and Kelly have also stated that, Judicial invocation of such an un-distilled concept of natural law in the context of review presents the obvious danger that invalidation of legislation passed by the Oireachtas might not always be seen to be based on objective, ascertainable criteria.  [19]   One of the main questions therefore that emerge from the debate regarding the use of natural law is the extent to which natural law can provide guidance to members of the court in deciding constitutional issues. It can be taken for granted that in a parliamentary democracy the judicial review procedure as provided for in the constitution is necessary to defend the rights of individuals. Therefore inevitably the burden of defending the rights of individuals against oppressive legislation falls in part, on members of the court.  [20]  Thus while defending the rights of individuals may be a prerogative of the judiciary, one is forced to ask; Can such a prerogative ever be justified by reference to principles of natural law? And if so can such a right ever be justified in overriding the democratic will of the people? The answer is a clear no! While there is widespread acceptance that the task of judges is to interpret the Constitution, during this process it is necessary for the judiciary to rely on the text, without reliance on sources from outside the four corners of the Constitution. Whether or not the judiciary should supplement the text cuts to the very heart of what it means to have a written Constitution, enforced by an independent judiciary, in a democratic state. As such the apparent death of natural law should not necessarily be seen as a bad thing if it results in more consistent, truly impartial, reasoned judgments from the judiciary. Proponents of natural law often argue that the use of natural law far from being a licence for unlimited government and a roving judiciary, natural rights and natural law arguments are the best defence of liberty and of limited government.  [21]  However despite such sentiments, the decision in Re Information  [22]  , like all previous Article 26  references will not be overturned. What the decision in Re Information makes clear is that natural law cannot be relied upon to invalidate any explicit provision of the Constitution, however it is also suggested that it does not address what residual role natural law plays in the constitutional order.  [23]   It would appear therefore that a deep fissure exists between concepts of popular sovereignty and natural law. When push comes to shove the Irish judiciary have preferred the former to the latter. Therefore the politics of normative choice through the democratic process is open and not bounded by fixed notions of natural law.  [24]   The Future of the Natural Law in Irish Constitutional Jurisprudence: Is Natural Law Dead? The future of natural law in Irish Constitutional jurisprudence is currently far from clear. It would appear from the Supreme Court decisions in recent years that for the foreseeable future natural law will not play a significant role in constitutional jurisprudence.  [25]  While the recent demise of natural law has been described as one of the great tragedies of the bitter debate on abortion  [26]  , it would be wrong to conclude that the Regulation of Information Bill 1995 signalled the death of natural law.  [27]  They suggest that the natural law component remains a significant aid to interpretation,  [28]  although it will remain inferior to the canon of harmonious interpretation. Although not dead, natural laws place in Irish constitutional jurisprudence has been radically altered. The doctrine now has a reduced significance in constitutional interpretation and a future growth in stature remains unforeseeable. Its application has led to many difficulties. Howeve r, the use of natural law is  not without benefits and its diminution and potential evisceration by the judiciary may  prove detrimental. Natural law was invoked over an extended period to protect the  rights of citizens not expressly provided for in the constitution, including the right to  bodily integrity, the right to travel, the right to earn a livelihood, the right to privacy  and the right of access to the courts. It remains to be seen if the Supreme Courts  decision will prevent the recognition of further unremunerated rights. Natural law will remain a significant aid in constitutional interpretation, however it is submitted that it will not be as influential as it has been in the past. In order to be really effective, the natural law must have its first home not in the judiciary, but in the population at large and in a constitutional democracy this means in the populace as represented in legislatures. That legislation and not adjudication should be the primary forum for the application of the natural law seems to have been recognized by no less an authority than St. Thomas Aquinas.  [29]  Here it is noteworthy that the application of natural law by Irish judges has largely been in the context of fundamental rights jurisprudence, for it is precisely when the substantive structures and ethos of community begin to break down that legal issues become primarily issues of rights.  [30]  So here the debate over natural law may ironically be a 178 Catholic Social Science Review function of the secularization process itself and suggests the larger question of the extent to which cultural problems lend themselves to judicial answers. Is it a coincidence that the incr ease in the activity of constitutional courts in the realm of personal rights, an increase which visible on a global scale, is taking place in a time of increasing secularization and cultural dislocation?  [31]   Why is it that the natural law doctrine, despite its flaws and inconsistencies, has had such an influence in the history of European thought? Kelsens answer is that natural law satisfies a deeply-rooted need of the human mind, the need for justification. To justify the subjective value judgements which emerge from the emotional element of his consciousness, man tries to present them as objective principles by transferring to them the dignity of truth, to make them propositions of the same order as statements about reality. Hence he pretends to deduce them from reality, which implies that value is imminent in reality.  [32]  This has a comforting corollary: belief in natural law enables a person to obey a civil law, not because he is compelled to do so by the civil power, but because of the laws intrinsic value. But, as we have learned, at the heart of Kelsonss argument lies the contention that value is not imminent in reality. Natural law nevertheless strikes a chord with a long- lasting and deep-seated need felt by mankind the need for certainty, for the existence of truths that are absolute and unchanging.  [33]   For writers down the ages it has been a quality of natural law that it is eternal and universal. Finnis believes that the principles of natural law hold good, as principles, however extensively they may be overlooked, misapplied or defied and however little they may be recognised. They would hold good just as the mathematical principles of accounting hold good even where, as in medieval banking community, they are unknown and misunderstood.  [34]  

Gay marriages Essay

Legalization of gay marriages is a comparatively new social experiment, undertaken in twelve American states and several European countries. To my view, it should be cancelled, and in the present paper I would like to substantiate my opposition to the introduction of gay marriage practice worldwide. The United States Constitution, as one knows, guarantees religious freedom, so that national religion and the related obligations could not be adopted at the legislative level. Nevertheless, the national law is to great extent based upon religious principles, given that they developed much earlier than the institute of law. Nevertheless, due to the fact that the American population is diverse in terms of cultural and religious backgrounds, the legislation should demonstrate a high degree of sensitivity to the needs of minority groups, whose beliefs might dramatically contradict to the legal prescriptions. Thus, the legal foundation should be flexible enough, but only to those religions, which have most supporters in the country, as responding to the religions, poorly represented in the United States, might result in the infringement of the interests of larger religious groups (Wolfson, 2004). As the statistics demonstrates, the most widespread religions in the country are Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism (Wolfson, 2004). All of these doctrines have long histories and derive from approximately the same values which include family, human life, health and spirituality. It needs to be noted that the carriers of the doctrines are practically consistent with one another in terms of the principles of marriage, which should necessarily be heterosexual; therefore, all of them disapprove of gay families, as one of the basic goals of any ancient religion is the encouragement of natural reproduction (Wolfson, 2004; Dobson, 2004). As one can conclude, there is a strong religious argument against gay marriages, and given the fact that more than 80 per cent of Americans are adherent to a particular doctrine, it is possible to presume that the legalization of gay marriages abuses the interests of the majority. It is often stated that due to the fact that a number of same-sex couples have been cohabitating for years, it would be useful to legalize homosexual partnership, so that the receive the benefits, associated with the traditional marriage, which include social security insurance and a number of additional rights. On the other hand, same-sex marriages are likely to increase government expenditures: â€Å"Recognizing same-sex marriages would increase outlays for Social Security and for the Federal Employees Health Benefits program† (Chauncey, 2004, p. 243). In order to increase the relevant spending, it is necessary to raise taxes, so each American citizen, capable of working, will pay for the introduction of homosexual marriages from their own pocket. Given the aforementioned information about the most influential and represented religious groups, one can assume public dissatisfaction, which might appear as a result of the launch of this social experiment. Furthermore, marriage of convenience might become more common (Chauncey, 2004; Dobson, 2004). This practice is quite popular among those individuals, who wish to receive marriage benefits without the actual desire for the creation of family. In this sense, they misuse and abuse the concept of government trust for citizens and legally declared value of family, more precisely – undermine the legal understanding of family. This means, in order to avoid the increase of convenience marriage rates, it is highly recommended to not to endorse same-sex marriage. My final argument against gay marriages derives from the value of family as a source of reproduction not merely at the level of individual citizens, but also in terms of society in general. â€Å"A common objection to same-sex marriage is that the purpose of marriage is a result of naturally occurring sexual attraction that leads to procreation and that the same-sex partnership is inherently sterile† (Dobson, 2004, p. 89). I do not claim that individuals should create families taking into consideration the fact that they are obliged to have children, as the attitude towards procreation is a personal choice, but the direction, encouraging the reproduction of society, should be taken at the levels of both law and social policy; otherwise the society might not survive. Moreover, it is possible to presume that gay marriage is likely to abuse the value of traditional family even more than heterosexual cohabitation without registration. First of all, heterosexual cohabitation corresponds to the natural principles of family as a â€Å"union† of a male and a female for proliferation; it needs to be noted that a number of â€Å"unregistered† heterosexual families have children, whereas gay families have less opportunities and lower willingness to procreate (Dobson, 2004). In the social context, the scope of family duties harmoniously combines male and female roles in the household, this tendency is equally apparent in both married couples and cohabitants, whereas different gender roles are unlikely to unite within a same-sex family. As for the legal regulation of sexuality and moral issue, it is important to note that the existing legislation already restricts many aspects of sexuality and morality, such as incest or sexual contact with children,; from these examples one can conclude that the absence of such constraints is likely to negatively affect the common wellbeing. Similarly, the permission of same-sex marriages might have adverse consequences as well. To sum up, due to the facts that most religious groups oppose gay marriage, that the introduction of this practice is likely to affect everyone in economical meaning and that same-sex marriages undermine the traditional value of family, the initiative concerning their legalization should not be supported. Works cited Chauncey, G. Why Marriage? The History Shaping Today’s Debate over Gay Equality. New York: Basic Books, 2004. Dobson, J. Marriage Under Fire. Sisters, Or. : Multnomah, 2004. Wolfson, E. Why Marriage Matters: America, Equality, and Gay People’s Right to Marry. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.

Person and Service Users Essay

Answer 1 As a trainer of many subjects, I must ensure that my own knowledge of the various legislation and regulatory requirements and codes of practice are current and up to date, which are often subject to change, in order that the information relayed to the candidates is correct. There are several key pieces of legislation that are paramount to the subjects I teach, Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 determines that I have a duty of care to each candidate / assessors who attend any course I deliver. To comply with this a risk assessment of the training facilities is undertaken and reviewed upon every course run. In order to ensure the safety and welfare of the attendees a health and safety talk is conveyed making sure that all are aware of any potential hazards, fire evacuation procedures etc. Each attendee is made aware that they have a responsibility to ensure the safety of themselves and of those around them. Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) –This regulation dictates that lifting equipment used for lifting people is subject to a six monthly inspection by a competent person. Each hoist used to safely move people has a working emergency release to ensure that should the hoist fail the person is not stuck in mid air and is safely lowered to the floor within a short time. In order to ensure that candidates are physically able and have no medical issues a Health Declaration form is completed and signed by all attending the courses. Should any medical issues arise then a short talk to the candidate is conducted ascertaining there capabilities. Answer 2 I teach a variety of subjects and in a majority of the courses there is often mixed levels of knowledge and experience of the subject being taught. In order to achieve this information I introduce myself, explaining who I am and a brief description of my background and knowledge of the subject and then ask the class to introduce themselves and give a brief description of their experience if any of the subject. For those who have experience I explain that I value their input on the subject if they have any experiences on the area in which we are discussing. For the others who might be new to the subject I reassure that by the end of the course they will have a good working knowledge and confidence in the subject. Once in the classroom I would discuss the subject matter that I intend to teach and with this valuable assistance of PowerPoint’s start the course. Throughout the course I encourage class interaction, asking questions for the class to discuss and come up with the answer. Ensuring that all students are involved, encouraging an open discussion. As the majority of my client base is within the care industry the subjects I teach encourage equality and valuing diversity throughout as the main role of a carer is to promote independence of their service users and giving person centred care. Encouraging equality and valuing everyone’s opinion irrelevant of their background or culture, as we can learn from each other as we all have different life experiences. Answer 3 My role within lifelong learning is to make sure all candidates leave my courses learning at least one thing. And to deliver the course in a way that the feel valued and that their voice and opinion was heard. Answer 4 As a trainer I have found that one of the simplest ways to meet the needs of the learners to those I am teaching is by relating to real-life situations and circumstances that I have faced. If you bombard the clients with PowerPoint’s which are just full of facts that they are trying to memorise or record the information becomes more difficult to absorb and less likely to be retained. To promote additional learning a handout is produced, also in an easy to read manner for the learners to review to keep information fresh in their minds. I encourage all candidates to become better carers, by learning more about their service users illness or injury and how this affects their service users.

The Path Of Action - 879 Words

Hinduism deals with a lot of things such as different types of gods, samsara, and the caste system. One of the main things that it deals with is the Path of Transformations. There are three different Path of transformations and they are all trying to solve the problem of Moksha. The first path is the Jnana-yoga, which is also known as the Path of Liberating Knowledge. The next path is Karana-marga, the Path of Action. The last path is Bhakti-yoga which is the Path of Devotion. It takes a life time to break free from these paths. Out of all these Paths the most important one is the Karma-marga. It deals with the 4 stages of life, Dharma and Varna. Karma-marga, also known as the Path of Action is the most important path over the other two paths because this is the path that is always changes. The path of action is considered a path that one is born on as a Hindu. Once you are born you are in Varna which is a class system. There are 4 levels of the cast system. It goes Brahmin who are priest, Kshatriya who are warriors and rulers, Vaishya, which is the producers and merchants and then Shudra who are servants. There is a fifth level of the cast system which are the called Dalits, also know as the Untouchables. The untouchables are technically not a part of the caste system because they are believed to be too impure. Depending on what caste you are born into determine your dharma. While in this path you have to not be selfish. When you are doing thing you cannot just do themShow MoreRelatedThe Path of a Buddhist Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Path of a Buddhist Buddhism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama. Today, Buddhism has an estimated seven hundred million followers, known as Buddhists. Most practicing Buddhists believe in ideas such as karma, dharma, samsara and nirvana. In addition to these, Buddhists base their lives and actions on the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. 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